WOMEN's BIBLIOGRAPHY for Full Text Reports

Diversity: Women and Minorities
Last Updated August 22, 2008

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BEAUTY AT ANY COST. [YWCA]. Web posted August 20, 2008.

According to the report, engulfed by a popular culture saturated with images of idealized, air-brushed and unattainable female physical beauty, women and girls cannot escape feeling judged on the basis of their appearance. As a result, many women feel chronically insecure, overweight and inadequate, as these beauty images apply to an ever-shrinking pool of women. The pressure to achieve unrealistic physical beauty is an undercurrent in the lives of many women in the United States.

[Note: contains copyrighted material]

Full Text:
http://www.ywca.org/atf/cf/{3B450FA5-108B-4D2E-B3D0-C31487243E6A}/Beauty%20at%20Any%20Cost.pdf [PDF format, 9 pages].

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THE ENVIRONMENT FOR WOMEN’S ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA. World Bank. Nadereh Chamlou. June 2008.

The report presents how women entrepreneurs can contribute more to the quality and direction of economic and social development in the Middle East and North Africa region. Economic growth in the Middle East has been remarkable over the last four years, due mainly to higher oil prices. Rapid job growth has followed, driven mainly by the private sector. However, the region still faces challenges. The first is to create better jobs for an increasingly educated young workforce and the second is to diversify its economies away from the traditional sectors of agriculture, natural resources, construction, and public works and into sectors that can provide more and better jobs for young people.

[Note: contains copyrighted material]

Full Text:
http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2008/06/09/000334955_20080609073227/Rendered/PDF/441170WP0Envir1UNE0610200801PUBLIC1.pdf [PDF format, 90 pages].

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VOICES OF WOMEN IN THE PRIVATE SECTOR. International Finance Corporation, World Bank. June 11, 2008.

The Indonesian Women's Business Association (IWAPI) has a membership of nearly 16000 members spread over all 30 provinces engaging in various sectors, such as industry, service, education, trade, mining, and other sectors. A majority of women entrepreneurs in Indonesia are engaged in the micro, small and medium scale enterprises. They serve as agents of change by contributing considerable economic activity and the creation of new job opportunities. Despite the significant role that women play in entrepreneurship and the fact that some women entrepreneurs have achieved considerable business success, a large number continue to face daunting challenges and barriers in operating their business.

[Note: contains copyrighted material]

Full Text:
http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2008/06/16/000333038_20080616010031/Rendered/PDF/441850WP0REPLA1oices0Women01PUBLIC1.pdf
[PDF format, 48 pages]

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WHERE THE GIRLS ARE: THE FACTS ABOUT GENDER EQUITY IN EDUCATION. American Association of University Women. Christianne Corbett et al. May 2008.

The authors examine a comprehensive look at girls’ educational achievement during the past 35 years, paying special attention to the relationship between girls’ and boys’ progress. Analyses of results from national standardized tests and other measures of educational achievement provide an overall picture of trends in gender equity from elementary school to college and beyond. These analyses support three overarching facts about gender equity in schools today. Girls’ successes don’t come at boys’ expense. On average, girls’ and boys’ educational performance has improved. The authors note that the real crisis is that of the African American, Hispanic, and low-income children.

[Note: contains copyrighted material]

Full Text:
http://www.aauw.org/research/upload/whereGirlsAre.pdf [PDF format, 124 pages].

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HUMAN CAPITAL AND WOMEN’S BUSINESS OWNERSHIP. U.S. Small Business Administration. Darrene Hackler et al. Web posted April 28, 2008.


Self-employed women differ from their wage and salary earning counterparts in several human capital areas. The self-employed women tend to be older, are better educated, and have more managerial experience than wage and salary earners. “Human capital factors such as education and experience have long been known to have a positive correlation with entrepreneurship,” said Dr. Chad Moutray, Chief Economist for the Office of Advocacy.
Full Text:
http://www.sba.gov/advo/research/rs323tot.pdf [PDF format, 75 pages].

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MIND THE GAP – WOMEN’S AND MEN’S QUALITY OF WORK AND EMPLOYMENT. European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. Kasia Jurczak and John Hurley. Web posted April 30, 2008.

Gender mainstreaming is an integral part of the research conducted by the European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. When labor market participation, working conditions and the resulting labor market outcomes are analyzed, the difference in the situation of women and men is evident. This report highlights the main issues concerning women’s situation in the labor market and indicates where the principal barriers to women’s participation lay.

[Note: contains copyrighted material]

Full Text:
http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/pubdocs/2008/39/en/1/ef0839en.pdf [PDF format, 12 pages].

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GENDER, POVERTY AND ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS ON AFRICAN COUNTRIES: 2007 VOLUME VIII. Beejaye Kokil, Maurice Mubila, Grégoire Mboya De Loubassou, and A. Hilaire Kadisha Mbiya. Economic and Social Statistics Division, Statistics Department, African Development Bank. Web posted October 9, 2007.

This report presents information on gender, poverty, and environmental issues of interest to Africa’s developmental agenda. The report is divided into three main parts. The first part shows the linkages between poverty and the environment. Using cross-country data, the second section focuses on progress toward meeting the Millennium Development Goals. The third part provides detailed, country-specific data on the 53 countries reviewed.

[Note: Contains copyrighted material.]

Full Text: [English and French]
http://www.afdb.org/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/ADB_ADMIN_PG/DOCUMENTS/STATISTICS/GENDER_2007_WEB.PDF [pdf format, 314 pages]

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WOMEN’S RIGHTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA. Freedom House. Web posted October 14, 2007.

This report consists of reports on 16 countries and one territory. “Each report begins with a section presenting basic political, economic, and social data, as well as key statistics relevant to the status of women.” Some of the subjects surveyed are nondiscrimination, access to justice; autonomy, security, freedom of the person; and economic rights and equal opportunity.

[Note: Contains copyrighted material.]

Full Text: English and Arabic
http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=383&report=56&group=1 [pdf format by sections, various pagings]

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HIGHLIGHTS OF WOMEN’S EARNINGS IN 2006. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. September 2007.

This report supplies earnings data for women who were full-time wage and salary workers in 2006. Some of the highlights of this report are as follows: (1) Median weekly earnings were highest for women and men aged 45 to 64, but the differences between women’s and men’s earnings were also largest at those ages; (2) “between 1979 and 2006, the earnings gap between women and men narrowed”; (3) earnings differences between men and women were widest for Asians and for whites; and across the major race and Hispanic ethnicity, women’s inflation-adjusted earnings grew from 1979 to 2006 while men salaries were mostly flat or down.

Full Text:
http://www.bls.gov/cps/cpswom2006.pdf [pdf format, 40 pages]

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ARE MALE AND FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS REALLY THAT DIFFERENT? Erin Kepler and Scott Shane. Office of Advocacy, U.S. Small Business Administration. Web posted September 14, 2007.

Previous research has shown that women-owned firms lag behind male-owned firms in factors such as annual sales, employment growth, income, and venture survival. This study tried to determine why a performance difference exists. The findings are: “when other factors are controlled for, gender does not affect new venture performance. However, several factors—differing expectations, reasons for starting a business, motivations, opportunities sought and types of businesses—vary between the genders, and these result in differing outcomes.”

Full Text:
http://www.sba.gov/advo/research/rs309tot.pdf [pdf format, 61 pages]


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GENDER EQUALITY, POVERTY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH. Andrew Morrison, Dhushyanth Raju, and Nistha Sinha. Policy Research Working Paper, World Bank. Web posted September 11, 2007.

This paper reviews economic analyses of gender equality and women’s empowerment in reducing poverty and stimulating growth. The paper presents evidence of women’s access to markets and their decision-making power on poverty reduction and productivity at an individual level as well as at the household level. The paper also summarizes evidence from studies that examined the relationship between gender equality and poverty reduction at the macro economic level. Finally, the paper identifies priority areas for future research.

[Note: Contains copyrighted material.]

Full Text: [May need to cut and paste URL]
http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/IW3P/IB/2007/09/11/000158349_20070911132056/Rendered/PDF/wps4349.pdf [pdf format, 57 pages]

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ARE CASH TRANSFERS MADE TO WOMEN SPENT LIKE OTHER SOURCES OF INCOME? Norbert Schady and Jose Rosero. Policy Research Working Paper, World Bank. Web posted July 25, 2007.

This study determined how cash transfers to women were used and if those transfers changed household behavior that could affect social program designs. The study transferred unconditional cash to women in rural Ecuador. The findings show that these transfers had a significant effect on food expenditures especially in households with adult males and females but not in households with female adults only.

[Note: Contains copyrighted material.]

Full Text: [May need to cut and paste URL]
http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/IW3P/IB/2007/07/25/000158349_20070725090857/Rendered/PDF/WPS4282.pdf [pdf format, 32 pages]
Item# 07AD842 MSP Theme: 3B;12DIG Geo: WHA

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WOMEN IN ISLAMIST MOVEMENTS: TOWARD AN ISLAMIST MODEL OF WOMEN’S ACTIVISM. Omayma Abdellatif and Marina Ottaway. Carnegie Papers, Carnegie Middle East Center, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Web posted July 10, 2007.

Women are playing a larger role in shaping the politics of Islamists. They remain concerned with the preservation of Islamist values, but are pushing for more political participation and representation. The authors interviewed female members of Hizbollah and the Muslim Brotherhood, and talked with women activists in Morocco, Kuwait, and other countries. The paper identifies emerging issues, but the authors stress that additional research needs to be done before conclusions can be drawn.

[Note: Contains copyrighted material.]

Full Text:
http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/cmec2_women_in_islam_final1.pdf [pdf format, 20 pages]

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WOMEN AND SOCIAL SECURITY. Issue Brief, American Academy of Actuaries. June 2007.

Even though social security benefits are gender-neutral, social security provides different levels of retirement for women and men. Currently, when women assume roles as heads of families, social security provides lower benefits for the same contributions or it requires higher contributions with little to no increase in benefits. This issue brief discusses these differences, provides details on how these differences’ impact women, and then proposes several reforms to the system.

[Note: Contains copyrighted material.]

Full Text:
http://www.actuary.org/pdf/socialsecurity/women_07.pdf [pdf format, 8 pages]

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WHO’S PLAYING COLLEGE SPORTS? TRENDS IN PARTICIPATION. John Cheslock. Research Series, Women’s Sports Foundation. June 5, 2007.

This study provides a comprehensive examination of women’s participation in intercollegiate athletics. The research team analyzed data from most institutions of higher education. The results indicate that women continue to be underrepresented among college athletes. Women enjoyed a substantial increase in the 1990s, but that progress slowed since 2000.

[Note: Contains copyrighted material.]

http://www.womenssportsfoundation.org/binary-data/reportcard/fullreport.pdf[pdf format, 32 pages]

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BEHIND THE PAY GAP. Judy Goldberg Dey and Catherine Hill. American Association of University Women Education Foundation. Web posted April 23, 2007.

This study examines the gender pay gap for college graduates. The study found that women one year after college graduation earn only 80 percent as much as men. Ten years after graduation, women fall farther behind. The study took several variables into consideration and found that “despite the progress women have made, gender pay equity in the workplace remains an issue.” The authors suggest that improvements to federal equal pay laws are needed to ensure that women and men are treated fairly when they perform the same or comparable work.

[Note: Contains copyrighted material.]

Full Text:
http://www.aauw.org/research/behindPayGap.pdf [pdf format, 67 pages]

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THE CONVENTION ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS OF DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN (CEDAW): CONGRESSIONAL ISSUES. Luisa Blanchfield. Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress. Updated December 14, 2006.

The U.N. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women has 98 signatures and has been ratified by 184 countries. After 26 years, the Convention has not been ratified by the full Senate. Some U.S. supporters of the Convention contend that it is a valuable mechanism for fighting discrimination against women, but opponents believe that it is not the most efficient way to eliminate this discrimination.

This report provides background information on the Convention and will be updated as necessary.

Full Text:
http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL33652.pdf [pdf format, 15 pages]


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THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S CHILDREN 2007: WOMEN AND CHILDREN: THE DOUBLE DIVIDEND OF GENDER EQUALITY. United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). Web posted December 11, 2006.

This report covering the lives of women around the world, states that since gender equality and the well-being of children go hand in hand. When women are empowered, children prosper. Similarly, when women are denied equal opportunity, children suffer.

“Gender equality is not only morally right—it is pivotal to human progress and sustainable development.” It provides a positive impact to nutrition, health care, and education of children. Without gender equality, it is impossible to create a world of equity, tolerance and shared responsibility.

Gender discrimination remains pervasive in every region of the world. Cultural traditions perpetuate social exclusion and discrimination. Eliminating gender discrimination will benefit three areas—the household, the workplace and the political sphere.

“This report intends to provide a road map to accelerate progress towards gender equality and empowering women through education, financing, legislation, legislative quotas, engaging men and boys, women empowering women and improved research and data.”

[Note: Contains copyrighted material.]

Full Text:
http://www.unicef.org/sowc07/docs/sowc07.pdf [pdf format, 160 pages]

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WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE: A DATABOOK. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. September 2006.

Over the past several decades there have been notable changes in women’s labor force activities compared to men’s. In 1970, approximately 43 percent of the women were in the labor force. By the late 1990s, the percentage had risen to 60 percent. Women have been increasingly employed in higher-paying occupations—more than half in management, professional, and related occupations. In 1979, women’s earnings were 62 percent of men’s; by 2005, it had grown to 81 percent.

[This report presents historical and current labor force and earnings data for women and men from the Current Population Survey (CPS) which is a national monthly survey conduced by the U.S. Census Bureau.]

Full Report:
http://www.bls.gov/cps/wlf-databook-2006.pdf [pdf format, 86 pages]

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REPORT OF THE INDEPENDENT EXPERT FOR THE UNITED NATIONS STUDY ON VIOLENCE AGAINST CHILDREN.
United Nations General Assembly. August 2006; Web-posted October 11, 2006.

Violence against children includes physical violence, psychological violence, discrimination, neglect and maltreatment. It ranges from sexual abuse in the home to corporal and humiliating punishment at school; from the use of physical restraints in children’s homes to brutality at the hands of law enforcement officers; from abuse and neglect in institutions to gang warfare on the streets where children play or work; from infanticide to so-called “honor” killing.

The report stresses that much violence remains hidden or unreported, and figures therefore often underestimate the scope of the problem. Nevertheless, the statistics cited in the study reveal a deplorable picture. For example:
In 2002, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that some 53,000 children aged 0-17 died as a result of homicide;
According to the International Labor Office’s (ILO) latest estimates, 5.7 million children were in forced or bonded labor, 1.8 million in prostitution and pornography, and 1.2 million were victims of trafficking in 2000.
In 16 developing countries reviewed by a Global School-Based Health Survey, the percentage of school-aged children that reported having been verbally or physically bullied at school in the previous 30 days ranged from 20 per cent in some countries to as much as 65 per cent in others;
Children in detention are frequently subjected to violence by staff, including as a form of control or punishment, often for minor infractions.
In 77 countries, corporal and other violent punishments are accepted as legal disciplinary measures in penal institutions.

http://www.violencestudy.org/IMG/pdf/English.pdf [English-language version, pdf format, 34 pages]
http://www.violencestudy.org/IMG/pdf/French.pdf [French-language version, pdf format, 37 pages]
http://www.violencestudy.org/IMG/pdf/Spanish.pdf [Spanish-language version, pdf format, 37 pages]
http://www.violencestudy.org/IMG/pdf/Arabic.pdf [Arabic-language version, pdf format, 44 pages]
http://www.violencestudy.org/IMG/pdf/Chinese.pdf [Arabic-language version, pdf format, 31 pages]
http://www.violencestudy.org/IMG/pdf/Russian.pdf [Russian-language version, pdf format, 40 pages]


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IN-DEPTH STUDY ON ALL FORMS OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN: REPORT OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL.
United Nations General Assembly. July 2006; Web-posted October 10, 2006.

The report asserts that women are subjected to violence in a wide range of settings, including the family, the community, state custody, and armed conflict and its aftermath. Violence constitutes a continuum across the lifespan of women, from before birth to old age. Furthermore, it occurs in both public and private spheres.

The study notes that the most common form of violence experienced by women globally is intimate partner violence, sometimes leading to death. Harmful traditional practices, including early and forced marriage and female genital mutilation/cutting, are also widespread. Within the community setting, femicide (gender-based murder of women), sexual violence, sexual harassment and trafficking in women are receiving increasing attention. Violence perpetrated by the State, through its agents, through omission, or through public policy, spans physical, sexual and psychological violence. It can constitute torture. The high incidence of violence against women in armed conflict, particularly sexual violence including rape, has become alarmingly clear.

The report underscores the fact that violence against women has far-reaching consequences for women, their children, and society as a whole. Women who experience violence suffer a range of health problems, and their ability to earn a living and to participate in public life is diminished. Their children are also significantly more at risk of health problems, poor school performance and behavioral disturbances.

[Note: UN reports are often difficult to access. If you get a “No authorization” message via the links below, go to: http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/vaw/ and select the preferred language version from there.]

http://daccess-ods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?Open&DS=A/61/122/ADD.1&Lang=E [English-language version, pdf format, 139 pages]
http://daccess-ods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?Open&DS=A/61/122/ADD.1&Lang=A [Arabic-language version, pdf format, 185 pages]
http://daccess-ods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?Open&DS=A/61/122/ADD.1&Lang=C [Chinese-language version, pdf format, 127 pages]
http://daccess-ods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?Open&DS=A/61/122/ADD.1&Lang=F [French-language version, pdf format, 156 pages]
http://daccess-ods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?Open&DS=A/61/122/ADD.1&Lang=S [Spanish-language version, pdf format, 157 pages]
http://daccess-ods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?Open&DS=A/61/122/ADD.1&Lang=R [Russian-language version, pdf format, 139 pages]


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HIGHLIGHTS OF WOMEN'S EARNINGS IN 2005.
United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). September 2006.

This report presents earnings data from the Current Population Survey (CPS). The CPS is a national monthly survey of approximately 60,000 households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). Information on earnings is collected from one-fourth of the CPS sample each month.

Among the data presented in this most recent report are the following:
* Median weekly earnings were highest for women and men aged 45 to 64. Among women, 45- to 54-year-olds had median weekly earnings of $644, little different than the $639 median for 55- to 64-year-olds. Among men, median weekly earnings also were about the same for those aged 45 to 54 ($853) as for those aged 55 to 64 ($855).
* The difference between women’s and men’s earnings was much larger among middle-aged and older workers than among younger workers. For instance, among workers aged 45 to 54, women earned 75 percent as much as men. By comparison, among workers 25 to 34 years old, women earned 89 percent as much as men, and among 16- to 24-year-olds, the earnings ratio rose to 93 percent.
* Earnings differences between women and men in 2005 were widest for whites and for Asians. Asian women earned about 81 percent as much as Asian men did, and white women earned 80 percent as much as white men did. Both black women (89 percent) and Hispanic women (88 percent) had earnings that were closer to those of their male counterparts.
* Median weekly earnings varied significantly by level of education. Among women, those with less than a high school diploma earned $341 per week in 2005, compared with $883 for those with a college degree. Among men, high school dropouts had earnings of $455 a week, compared with $1,167 for college graduates.

http://www.bls.gov/cps/cpswom2005.pdf [pdf format, 40 pages]

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ZERO TOLERANCE: STOP THE VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND CHILDREN, STOP HIV/AIDS.
Lisa Schechtman.
Global AIDS Alliance (GAA). August 1, 2006.

Worldwide, violence against women and children is playing a critical role in driving the spread of HIV/AIDS. In this report, the Global AIDS Alliance (GAA) outlines a Zero Tolerance framework for addressing the epidemic of violence, including increased funding commitments from donor and affected country governments and multilateral institutions. This advocacy brief states that establishing zero tolerance for violence is a matter of basic respect for human rights, particularly those of women, including sexual and reproductive rights.

Violence is linked to HIV. Women who have experienced violence may be up to three times more likely to acquire HIV. In addition to behavioral risk factors, there are direct consequences of unprotected forced or coerced sex, and this is compounded by global HIV/AIDS policies that fail to take seriously the realities facing women and girls. Fear of violence can prevent women from seeking counseling and testing, disclosing their HIV status, and receiving treatment when it is needed.

The author of this document describes a framework for a comprehensive response to violence against women and children, including the political and financial resources that would be needed for full implementation. The report outlines essential elements in any such framework:
* Political Commitment and Resource Mobilization
* Legal and Judicial Reform
* Health Sector Reform
* Education Sector Reform
* Community Mobilization for Zero Tolerance
* Mass Marketing for Social Change

[Note: Contains copyrighted material.]

http://www.globalaidsalliance.org/docs/Zero_Tolerance_Advocacy_Brief.pdf [pdf format, 48 pages]

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2005 Catalyst Census of Women Corporate Officers and Top Earners of the Fortune 500.
[Catlyst, Survey] 2006.
http://catalyst.org/files/full/2005%20COTE.pdf [pdf format, 100 pages]

2005 CATALYST CENSUS OF WOMEN CORPORATE OFFICERS AND TOP EARNERS OF THE FORTUNE 500.
Catlyst. 2006.

This 2005 survey shows that, in the last three years, growth in the percentage of corporate officer positions held by women slowed to a ten year low. In 2005, women held 16.4 percent of corporate officer positions, only 0.7 percentage points more than they did in 2002. Furthermore, the percentage of corporate officer positions held by women of color stagnated at 1.7 percent. In addition, only 6.4 percent of corporate officer top earners were women.

A deeper look into corporate officer status shows that while women were almost two and one-half times as likely to hold staff positions as they were to hold line positions, men were only slightly more likely to hold staff positions than line positions. Women also held 9.4 percent of the highest executive titles, up from 7.9 percent in 2002. In 2005, eight companies in the Fortune 500 were led by a woman CEO, compared with six in 2002.

[Note: Contains copyrighted material.]
http://catalyst.org/files/full/2005%20COTE.pdf [pdf format, 100 pages]

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HE ROLE OF WOMEN IN STABILIZATION AND RECONSTRUCTION.
Camille Pampell Conaway.
United States Institute of Peace (USIP). August 2006.

In January 2001, the U.S. Congress enacted the Afghan Women and Children Relief Act of 2001, calling attention to the needs of the civilian population following the overthrow of the Taliban, and mandating the provision of education and health care assistance for women and children. In March 2004, a bipartisan group of Congressional members formed the Iraqi Women's Caucus to support women's access to education and training, and encourage their participation in the political process and democratic transition. In March 2005, the focus of Congress expanded from specific conflicts to global concern, and the Women and Children in Crisis and Conflict Protection Act of 2005 was drafted and referred to relevant committees.

The Office of Conflict Management and Mitigation (CMM) was established at the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) in recent years, and in 2004 the administration created the Office of Stabilization and Reconstruction at the Department of State. Both are currently reviewing and developing strategies and policies to prevent and address conflict, and have pledged to integrate women, peace, and security into their mandates. Representatives of these offices liaise frequently with the women's offices within their agencies and consult with relevant international and national-level nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to guide the process for implementation of their commitments.

The report is structured as follows:
* Part I addresses lessons and recommendations for the critical task of institutionalizing the role of women in these operations, across the U.S. government.
* Part II addresses lessons and recommendations for priority tasks for the U.S. government to follow to enhance the role of women in its reconstruction and stabilization operations.
* Part III consists of a matrix of action steps -- generated jointly by U.S. government- agency and civil-society representatives during the course of working group sessions.

http://www.usip.org/pubs/specialreports/srs/srs_three.pdf [pdf format, 24 pages]

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WOMEN IN MEDIA 2006: FINDING THE LEADER IN YOU.
Mary Arnold and Mary Nesbitt.
Northwestern University, Media Management Center; McCormick Tribune Foundation. July 2006.

Since 2003 the media world has seen the share of executive positions held by women increase only slightly, by two percentage points, to 29 percent. And the number of women publishers has remained the same, at 18 percent in the 137 newspapers surveyed. Women have some qualities that fit well with a constructive culture, say the authors of this report. Overall, women’s leadership style tends to be inclusive and collaborative, rather than hierarchical, and they are often more attuned to the changing needs of the marketplace.

What women in the news field need to focus on now, according to Arnold and Nesbitt, is developing the leadership skills that they will need to develop a business. The report stresses that leaders must be willing to constantly step outside their comfort zone, take risks and tolerate some failures. As leaders, they also need to encourage others to do the same.

[Note: Contains copyrighted material.]

http://www.mediamanagementcenter.org/publications/data/wim2006.pdf [pdf format, 56 pages]

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INTEGRATING REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AND HIV/AIDS PROGRAMS: STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITIES FOR PEPFAR [U.S. PRESIDENT’S EMERGENCY PLAN FOR AIDS RELIEF]. A Report of the CSIS Task Force on HIV/AIDS.
Janet Fleischman.
Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). July 2006.

[NOTE: Extra discretion advised. Portions of this item may not reflect current Department of State policy. Consult with an American officer in the Public Affairs/Public Diplomacy section before distributing to outside contacts.]

The CSIS Task Force on HIV/AIDS is co-chaired by Senators Bill Frist (R-Tenn.) and Russell Feingold (D-Wis.) and is funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
In the wake of increasing consensus that women and girls need to be the focus of anti-AIDS efforts, this Task Force report urges policymakers to integrate HIV/AIDS services into reproductive health (RP) and family planning (FP) services. Among the recommendations the Task Force makes are:
* PEPFAR country teams should include women’s health advocates and networks of women living with HIV/AIDS in programming and resource allocation decisions.
* The State Department’s Office of the Global AIDS Coordinator (OGAC) should bring to the attention of the U.S. government and the U.S. public this growing body of evidence supporting integrated strategies, and build support for a streamlined approach that successfully addresses both reproductive health and HIV imperatives, to the benefit of both.
* PEPFAR should broaden its approach to prevention beyond ABC to include reproductive health and family planning integration.

[Note: Contains copyrighted material.]

http://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/060712_hivaids.pdf [pdf format, 36 pages]

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GENDER AND MIGRATION.
Richard Fry.
Pew Hispanic Center. July 5, 2006.

The author examines the gender composition of migration to the U.S. While in recent decades, females have comprised an increasing share of migrants worldwide, the U.S. has experienced a different trend. Legal migration to the U.S. is in fact more female -- as it is elsewhere. However, the effects of a growing and largely male, unauthorized migration, has meant that women are a slightly smaller share of the foreign-born population than they were 25 years ago.

The report also shows that the profile of the female immigrant to the U.S. has changed considerably over the past quarter century. In 2004, recently arrived female migrants were better educated, older and less likely to have children than their counterparts in 1980.

[Note: Contains copyrighted material.]

Report:
http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/64.pdf [pdf format, 42 pages]
Fact Sheets:
http://pewhispanic.org/reports/report.php?ReportID=64#OtherTitle [sections in pdf and html formats, various pagings]

Milestones in U.S. Women's History

```` Milestones in U.S. Women's History

(Some of the outstanding people and events that moved women's rights forward)

1848 U.S. Women's Rights Movement is sparked at a convention in Seneca Falls, New York. Delegates issue a Declaration of Sentiments calling for equality with men, including the right to vote.
Related article: "Seneca Falls Convention Began Women's Right's Movement ( http://www.america.gov/st/diversity-english/2005/June/20080229183432liameruoy0.6444055.html )."

1849 Elizabeth Blackwell is the first woman to graduate from medical school in the United States. She becomes a pioneer in women's education in medicine.

1851 Abolitionist and former slave Sojourner Truth gives her famous speech "Ain't I a Woman?" to the Ohio Women's Rights Convention. She is an eloquent champion of the rights of African Americans and women.
Related article: "Sojourner Truth ( http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/womeninfln/truth.htm )."

1869 Wyoming, then a U.S. territory, is the first jurisdiction to grant women the right to vote. Many Wyoming legislators -- all male -- hope it will attract more single marriageable women to the region.

1881 Clara Barton founds the American Red Cross, expanding on the original concept of the International Red Cross to include assisting in national disasters as well as wars.
Related article: "Clara Harlowe Barton ( http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/womeninfln/barton.htm )."

1916 Jeannette Rankin of Montana is the first woman elected to Congress, serving two nonconsecutive terms. She casts the only vote in Congress against war on Japan after the 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor.
Related article: "Jeannette Pickering Rankin ( http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/womeninfln/rankin.htm )."

1920 The 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, giving women the right to vote, becomes law when it is ratified by two-thirds of the states. The League of Women Voters is founded.
Related article: "League of Women Voters Educates U.S. Electorate ( http://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2006/December/20061226164032berehellek0.5835077.html )."

1925 Nellie Tayloe Ross is the first woman governor of a state (Wyoming). In 1933, she is appointed first female director of the U.S. Mint.

1926 Gertrude Ederle is the first woman to swim the English Channel. Only five men had swum the Channel before her, and she cuts two hours off their fastest time.

1931 Jane Addams is the first American woman to receive the Nobel Peace Prize. Addams is an advocate for the poor, a pacifist, a reformer, and a feminist.
Related article: "Jane Addams ( http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/womeninfln/addams.htm )."

1932 Amelia Earhart makes the first solo flight by a woman across the Atlantic. She is the first woman to be awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross.

1932 Hattie Wyatt Caraway of Arkansas is the first woman elected to the U.S. Senate. She is also the first to chair a Senate committee and to preside over the Senate.
Related article: "Hattie Wyatt Caraway ( http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/womeninfln/caraway.htm )."

1933 Frances Perkins is sworn in as secretary of labor. She was appointed by Franklin Delano Roosevelt as the first woman ever to serve in the U.S. Cabinet.

1953 Jacqueline Cochran is the first woman to break the sound barrier. During her career, she sets more speed and altitude records than any of her contemporaries, male or female.

1955 Rosa Parks is arrested in Montgomery, Alabama, for refusing to give up her seat on a bus to a white man, thus sparking the U.S. civil rights movement.
Related article: "U.S. Marks 50th Anniversary of Montgomery Bus Boycott ( http://www.america.gov/st/diversity-english/2005/November/20080225140519liameruoy0.664715.html )."

1962 Rachel Carson's book, Silent Spring, calls attention to the dangers of agricultural pesticides. It inspires a national environmental movement in the United States.
Related article: "Rachel Carson: Pen Against Poison ( http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/carson/index.html )."

1963 Betty Friedan publishes The Feminine Mystique, which galvanizes the women's rights movement. The Equal Pay Act prohibits paying women less than men for the same job.

1964 Title VII of the Civil Rights Act prohibits discrimination in employment on the basis of race or sex.
Related article: "Nation Celebrates Anniversary of Landmark Civil Rights Law ( http://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2004/June/20040624160152jmnamdeirf0.1434442.html )."

1968 Shirley Chisholm is the first black woman elected to Congress. She makes an unsuccessful bid for the Democratic Party's presidential nomination in 1972.
Related article: "Shirley Chisholm Dead at 80 ( http://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2005/January/20050104154338jmnamdeirf0.2672235.html )."

1972 Title IX of the Education Amendments bans sex discrimination in schools. Enrollment of women in athletics programs and professional schools increases dramatically.

1978 "Women's History Week" is first celebrated in Sonoma County, California. (Congress first passes a resolution on National Women's History Week in 1981.)

1981 Sandra Day O'Connor is the first woman on the U.S. Supreme Court, serving until 2006. Jeane Kirkpatrick becomes the first female U.S. ambassador to the United Nations.
Related article: "Sandra Day O'Connor ( http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/womeninfln/oconnor.htm )."

1983 Sally Ride is the first American woman in space, flying on the shuttle Challenger. She flies a second shuttle mission in 1984.
Related article: "Women Star in Cosmic Quest ( http://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2006/August/20060818165849bcreklaw0.4844324.html )."

1984 Geraldine Ferraro becomes the first woman nominated for vice president by a major party -- the Democrats -- when she is selected as Walter Mondale's running mate.

1987 Congress expands Women's History Week to a monthlong event celebrated in March.
Related article: "Women's History, Accomplishments Celebrated Every March ( http://www.america.gov/st/diversity-english/2008/February/20080227184124liameruoy0.1790735.html )."

1993 Toni Morrison becomes the first African-American woman to win the Nobel Prize for literature. Janet Reno is the first woman attorney general of the United States.

1997 Madeleine Albright is sworn is as the first woman U.S. secretary of state. Born in Prague, Czechoslovakia, she became a U.S. citizen in 1957.

2005 Condoleezza Rice is the first African-American woman to serve as U.S. secretary of state.
Related article: "Biography of Condoleezza Rice ( http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/biog/41252.htm )."

2007 Nancy Pelosi is sworn in as the first female speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives, one of the most powerful posts in the U.S. government.

Related article: "First Female Speaker to Preside at State of Union ( http://www.america.gov/st/diversity-english/2007/January/200701191129461CJsamohT2.987307e-02.html )."

The World Bank: Social Exclusion and the Gender Gap in Education

Social Exclusion and the Gender Gap in Education
http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/IW3P/IB/2008/03/18/000158349_20080318104842/Rendered/PDF/wps4562.pdf

Policy Research Working Paper 4562

The World Bank
Human Development Network
Chief Economist's Office
March 2008
WPS4562

Maureen Lewis Marlaine Lockheed
World Bank Center for Global Development

Despite a sharp increase in the share of girls who enroll in, attend, and complete various levels of schooling, an educational gender gap remains in some countries. In this paper we argue that one explanation for this gender gap is the degree of social exclusion within these countries, as measured by ethno-linguistic heterogeneity, which triggers both economic and psycho-social mechanisms to limit girls’ schooling. Ethno-linguistic heterogeneity (or ethno-linguistic fractionalization, ELF) has appeared in the literature as a driver of economic growth, civil conflict, and the availability of public goods (Alesina, Devleeschauwer, Easterly, Kurlat, and Wacziarg. 2003; Habyarimana, Humphreys, Posner and Weinstein, 2007; Matuszeski, and Schneider 2006), but this is a first application of the concept to explain gender gaps in education.

The organization of this paper is as follows. Section 1 discusses the effects of female education on economic and social development. Section 2 reviews the evidence regarding gender and ethnic differences in schooling, and introduces the concept of “social exclusion” as it applies to these differences. Section 3 examines the origins of social exclusion and reviews various theories from economics, sociology and psychology regarding how social exclusion can account for gender and ethnic differences in education. Section 4 tests the association empirically through cross-country analyses, and Section 5 presents our conclusions.